The USB 2. Relative Dielectric Constant ( εr ): Track Width (S): mm. PCB Impedance-Calculation: Help with the dimensioning of the impedances of your circuit board. Press Analyze to see the results. The even mode impedance is measured across one line while an equivalent signal drives the other line. (Differential Impedance, Ohms) = Note: 1oz = 1. Z d = Differential Impedance. You can also specify the substrate and the characteristic impedance, and have Linecalc determine theMicrostrip line is a widely used transmission line and for the appropriate transmission its characteristic impedance has to be calculated while using it in RF design & circuits. Equation 3, which was developed by Martin Marietta in the mid 1980s, is a method for predicting the impedance of buried microstrip transmission lines. If trace width is increased for the metal losses reduction, the single end impedance will be reduces. Surface microstrip lines are formed by etching one surface of a double-sided material. If you have voltage and current measurements from a circuit network, you can calculate the network’s characteristic impedance using Ohm’s law. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a. As seen from the formula when D decreases, while keeping B. In high-speed digital protocols, data is sent over single-ended traces in a PCB that is impedance controlled; each individual trace is designed to have a specific impedance. In this equation there is no dimension to the surface of the PCB. Enter the Height, Width and Permittivity to get the Impedance of the Microstrip Note : The unit of the height and width entered must be the same. 5. INPUT DATA. So, I am trying to figure out how to use Kicad’s PCB Calculator for “Coupled Microstrip Lines”: I’m unsure about what a couple of the parameters mean and can’t find. (Sorry guys, I live and I have grown up in a metric world ) With these values, Saturn PCB's off-line calculator gives 57 Ohm differential impedance. Also, I tried using 0 ohm resistor in between that didn’t help as well. The odd mode impedance, Z 0,o, is given by the following equation: Eq. Signal Management. 4. Asymmetric Stripline Impedance Formula. Line impedance stabilization network (LISN) 1. 2 and:A twisted-pair cable is simply two wires that are twisted together so as to reduce radiated EMI (electromagnetic interference) and mitigate the effects of received EMI. For example, a 1-oz microstrip line, 6-mils wide and 4 mils 10In this example, the impedance a coplanar conductor-backed waveguide is calculated using the FDE solver’s Power and Impedance Integration tool, and the result is compared with the approximate analytic result from an online impedance calculator [1]. An example follows. Suppose you have a test transmission line that you’ve simulated with a field solver or. Backwards crosstalk creates a pulse width that is twice that of the propagation time of the pulse traveling the coupling distance. The differential impedance calculator supports an asymmetric stripline structure. This type of noise is suppressed by installing a filter on the hot (VCC) side on the signal line or power supply line, as mentioned in the preceding chapter. To avoid microstrip modes, have h >> (w+2g) and extend component side ground away from the trace by > (w+2g). The twisted pair helps create a more uniform inductance and capacitance per unit length of wire to ensure a constant impedance, by keeping the return path as close to the signal as possible. Figure 3. Both-Ends Termination of a Differential Transmission Line. 0. Differential impedance between the data lines should be 90 Ω +/- 15%. Impedance calculationWhen looking through the various transmission line impedance values, characteristic impedance and differential impedance generally stand out as the two important values as these are typically specified in signaling standards. The default units for all given values, except the subtrate. I have already some experience on single ended controlled impedance but this is my first. - Arbitrary Transmission Line Calculator (for transmission lines and directional couplers) Transmission lines, including directional couplers, of arbitrary cross section and an arbitrary number of dielectrics can be analysed with atlc. These parameters include: Characteristic impedance (Z 0): The online calculator can compute the characteristic impedance of a transmission line, which is the ratio of voltage to current in a. Characteristic impedance is the ratio of voltage to current for a wave that is propagating in single direction on a transmission line. Altium Designer includes a layer stack manager with an integrated field solver that builds an impedance profile for your. The characteristic impedance (Z 0) of a transmission line is the resistance it would exhibit if it were infinite in length. This assumes ~0 trace thickness. What’s more, these calculators return an accurate impedance value when as per. To make an effect transmission line with two wires it is best to create a twisted pair. Understanding coax can be helpful when working with it. Pi-Matching Impedance Network Calculator. While commonly constructed using printed circuit boards, this structure can also be built using other materials as long as there is a conductor separated from. Disc Air Capacitor Calculator; Impedance Calculator : XL, XC; Inductors, Transformers. This page covers Differential Microstrip Impedance Calculator. Terminating the cable with its characteristic impedance reduces reflections and increases the achievable data rate. Differential pair routing is one of many aspects of high-speed design. With our handy calculator, you can choose from 50 Ohm, 75 Ohm, 93 Ohm and 95 Ohm coaxial cables. Schelkunoff in 1934, is a very convenient parameter for the prediction and control of EMI coupling through cable shields. The Microstrip Differential Impedance Calculator simplifies the process of determining the differential impedance of a microstrip transmission line. , the structure is made up of two dielectric materials: air and the substrate material). Example. Embedded Microstrip Impedance Calculator. Take note that this assumes that the distance between the conductor and the planes is not the same for both reference planes; hence the asymmetric term. Typical values for most common differential signal types are 90 ohms differential, 100 ohms differential or 120 ohms differential. Design Parameters. Example. This calculator is designed to find the characteristic impedance of an asymmetric stripline - a flat conductor between two ground planes. The factors that influence differential pair via impedance will affect the input impedance seen at the vias. It is relevant when high-frequency signals are propagating on the PCB transmission lines. Although implementations vary, the wire diameter is usually about 1 mm and and the wire spacing is usually about 6 mm. FWIW, the calculator. Characteristic impedance is purely a function of the capacitance and. This technique doesn’t work for wide band requirements, but is a simple way to achieve this at a specific. 25Distance units: Substrate Height, H Trace Width, W Thickness, TThe differential impedance depends upon the D/H ratio. 6 Ω and ε e = 6. c is the velocity in air; f is the frequency of operation of the coupler; ℇr is the dielectric constant of the substrate; 3. To calculate the external resistor values, start by calculating Z IN. The standard 4-layer stackup uses two inner layers for power and ground, and the two outer layers are for components and trace routing. Using the Impedance Calculator one can calculate the eigen modes as characteristic line impedance and the characteristic propagation constant gamma of available signals in a given cable segment. 2. The answer lies in the spacing between the traces in the pair. A coupled line will have characteristic impedances for both common (ZC) and differential (ZD) mode. WE WANT UNCOUPLED FORM! Pay Attention to UNITS! Wave Equations for Transmission Line Impedance and Shunt Admittance of the line . This is entirely different from leakage resistance of the dielectric separating the two conductors, and the metallic resistance of the wires themselves. For the odd mode, the differential impedance can be obtained by setting the integration region to enclose only one of the microstrips, and the characteristic impedance of the odd mode is half the differential impedance, approximately 22 ohms. , "Characteristic Impedance of the Shielded-Strip Transmission Line," IRE. Because input impedance only depends on the. The specifications of my PCB are- the conductor thickness is 2oz(2. This calculator can calculate the impedance and propagation delay of any microstrip by taking its respective height, width, thickness & dielectric constant. I see that Dielectric Constant is 4. The IPC-2141 trace Impedance calculator will help make initial design easier by allowing the user to input basic parameters and get a calculated impedance according to the IPC-2141 standard. Sig± Differential input-signal source Z 0 Characteristic impedance of the balanced transmission line from the source to the amplifier input FDA circuit overview FDAs are broadband, DC-coupled amplifiers for balanced differential signals and have a unique ability to convert broadband, DC-coupled, single-ended signals into balanced differential. 4mils = 0. In the limit of a very long transmission line (such as when the line length is many multiples of the wavelength), then the tanh function eventually converges to 1. Measurements of S-parameters. This calculator allows you to add the impedance model and compute the desired trace geometry and spacing for a target impedance. These are considered to be standardized impedance values with cables readily available. Twisted pair: qquad footnotesize ext {Impedance} = frac {120 imes ln (2s/d)} {sqrt {varepsilon_r}} Impedance = εr120 × ln(2s/d) As you can see, it is not overly complicated to calculate by hand, but it will definitely take longer than using our calculator. 96D/H) Zo. Refer types of microstrip line and basics of microstrip line for more information. Coaxial Line Impedance. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. 0055” spacing. The Si8000m assumes negligible insertion loss in the transmission line; should you wish to model insertion loss the Si9000e adds. 68 mils. 1. The nice part about coax is that it can be bent and flexible unlike most pcb transmission lines. 5. Any line condition placing the impedance phasor tip within this circle will cause the relay to trip. Output ⊕. 6 ohms and Z even = 110 ohms for your geometry, very close to your result. 50. USB traces must be 90 Ohms differential. EEWeb offers a free online twisted pair impedance (transmission line) calculator. The reflection coefficient expression is defined as shown in Equation 1: (1) In this equation, Z0 is the transmission line impedance; this factor is usually a constant with an industry normalized value such as 50 Ωor 100 Ω. The tool generates odd, even, common, and differential impedance as output values. Free Trace Line Impedance Calculators that utilize the #3 approach. h = Dielectric Thickness. Provide values for four of the five parameters h, c, t, w, Z 0 and the relative permittivity of the dielectric. You can use all the calculators you want if you don't know the exact board make up they're using; they should be able to help you. Calculating the Differential. Click the “Calculate Differential Impedance” button. A PCB transmission line calculator you'll find online or in many design applications can't be used to get accurate impedance values because they do. Thinking about the problem as the impedance the differential signal sees (the thing we care about) compared to the impedance the common mode signal sees (the part of the signal we typically try to eliminate in a difference amplifier) is probably more appropriate for most practical signals, and gives us a nice simple expression. 120 Ohm Differential Pair: 0. The figure-1 above depicts differential microstrip line. 29 mm width traces to obtain 100 Ohms ZDiff while using 0. Because charging current enters the line from each end and escapes through the distributed capacitance, it appears as standing differential current to a line current differential (87L) scheme protecting the line. exe, Power Distribution System Impedance CalculatorExamine Reflection Using S-parameters and Input Impedance. Simons, "Coplanar Waveguide Circuits, Components, and Systems", Wiley. For this calculation, the units of d and h can be ignored as long as they have the same unit. For example, the circuit in Figure 6. Manufacturing: Define metal surface roughness and trace etch parameters. Simpler calculators will use the less-accurate IPC-2141 equations. The term “characteristic impedance. The microstrip impedance calculator shown above uses Wadell’s equations for microstrip impedance, which can be found in the seminal textbook Transmission Line Design Handbook. The impedance Z 0 of a transmission line consisting of a circular signal conductor having a diameter d and centered between parallel ground planes separated by a distance h is given by: Eq. Calculating the Differential impedance is a two-step process, first Calculate the single ended impedance Zo and then use this value to calculate the differential impedance. Also, intuitively, from an examination of the field pattern, the even mode impedance Z 0e is likely to be high because the. The impedance of a differential via pair cannot be treated with a single via impedance calculator unless the vias are spaced far apart. Components such as capacitors, resistors or active devices are. To use this tool, enter the values for trace thickness, substrate height, trace width, trace spacing, and dielectric constant in the calculator above and press the "calculate" button. A coplanar waveguide calculator will operate in one of two ways. The impedance calculator in the Allegro stack-up editor uses a static 2D field solver by default (bem2d). Differential Impedance of. Let's match the impedance of the same signal since differential pair routing is completed when the impedance is matched properly. ALTIUM DESIGNER For. 006” spacing. The differential impedance will be a bit less than 2x the single-ended impedance. ω = 2πf is the angular frequency in rad/s,. This calculator requires symmetry in the trace widths and location between plane. 4 Comments. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. Grounded Differential Coplanar Wave Guide. The Twisted Pair Impedance Calculator is able to compute the characteristic impedance Z 0(twisted pair) based on the dimensions of the twisted-pair cable. A stripline resembles a microstrip line and comprises a center conductor pattern symmetrically embedded completely within a dielectric, the top and bottom layers of which are conducting ground planes. Controlled impedance is important for solving signal integrity problems, which is the propagation of signals without distortion. Dielectric constant = 3. If the impedance of the load matches that of the source, impedance matching is not required, and the balun has a 1 : 1 impedance ratio. These are pre-defined topologies, such as. This circuit only filters differential signals; if there is an in-phase signal (or interference) on both lines (called a common-mode signal/noise) it provides no filtering to it. In some cases, we can also use 75-ohm. The Si8000m adds enhanced modelling to predict the finished impedance of multiple dielectric PCB builds and also takes into account the local variations in dielectric constant on close spaced differential structures. The idea here is to determine the spacing required for a given width with the goal of hitting a specific differential impedance value. Use several of them and compare. The characteristic impedance (Z o) of a microstrip transmission line can be calculated using the active calculator or the equations at the bottom of the page. Alternatively, and equivalently, it can be. Equation 3. , DDR, HDMI, Gigabit Ethernet). ). Note that the y-axis is on a logarithmic scale for clarity. High speed PCBs and signaling standards almost entirely use differential pairs with precise impedance. Type: Options are microstrip (single-ended), coplanar (single-ended), edge-coupled (differential), and dual coplanar (differential). Phone: +44 (0)1425 489 111 / +49 (0) 8104 628 0. Picking from the CST Cable Studio Segments Navigation Tree. calculate the impedance and capacitance of PCB traces. net Forum comes closest to the proper track width. Broadband Impedance Matching with Transformer; Ferrite Toroidal Coil (Amidon) Helical Coil Calculator; Impedance Calculator : XL, XC; Iron Powder Toroidal Coil (Amidon)The characteristic impedance or surge impedance (usually written Z 0) of a uniform transmission line is the ratio of the amplitudes of voltage and current of a single wave propagating along the line; that is, a wave travelling in one direction in the absence of reflections in the other direction. The grounded differential coplanar wave guide is the differential version of the grounded coplanar wave guide and is used in high-speed digital systems that require maximum noise immunity. Change W (line width) to 3. 3: Normalized characteristic impedance and normalized effective permittivity of a microstrip line as a function of u = w / h. UCCALC. Design to make sure the tracks are as close together as possible and meet impedance requirements. 9. A transmission line always features a differential microstrip impedance. To calculate the impedance, I use Saturn PCB impedance calculator software, Inc - PCB Toolkit V8. We are now ready to calculate the microstrip characteristics. One should always check carefully whether a calculator implements these equations under the appropriate approximations. Odd mode impedance is defined as impedance of a single transmission line when the two lines in a pair are driven differentially (with signals of the same amplitude and. Note the single line impedance matches the spreadsheet and all is good. Hence, without loss of generality, one. Make sure the correct Layer is selected before changing this option. (Not reasonable in general, but sometimes used for test and measurement purposes). All calculations use a frequency of 1 GHz. Wavelength calculator Calculates the wavelength of a signal using Ereff. Overview. Tools for Designers: Impedance Calculator Try This New Tool The Sierra Circuits Impedance Calculator uses the 2D numerical solution of Maxwell’s equations for PCB. Matching T Attenuator A two part calculator which gives ideal and preferred value resistors, showing most formulas used and a link to the others. Figure 3 shows the respective p and T models used to calculate the differential impedance (Z diff). An example of a wire microstrip might most often be found in prototypes or reworked boards where a wire is used over the top of pcb or copper clad material. Figure 2 illustrates the difference. W/H. It is widely used for data communications and telecommunications applications in structured cabling systems. Note: valid for (w/h) from 0. This figure shows that the differential output equals 2 × R P in parallel with the effective value of R′O = 2(VOUT± FO – VO±)/IO±. Choose a calculator to tune your PCB design. Agilent's LineCalc tool calculates Z odd = 50. This is 1. It renders fairly accurate results suitable for use in circuit board manufacturing and engineering analysis. Track Thickness: mm. This RLC impedance calculator will help you to determine the impedance formula for RLC, phase difference, and Q of RLC circuit for a given sinusoidal signal frequency. 5Ω, times 18 mA = 400 mV. Single-ended signals are fairly straightforward. Loss Budget and Differential Impedance. In differential pairs, each trace in the pair carries the same magnitude, but opposite polarity. Thus a "differential pair" any long distance apart will have an impedance of 98 ohms, without any coupling between the lines, i. 1< W/H < 3. The HIGH level is brought up to a logic level (5 V, 3. t = Trace Thickness. We care about maintaining the same differential impedance for the. 1 to 2. f is the frequency in hertz (Hz), . Microstrip Transmission Line Models. frequency domain method, for transmission line effects. Differential Impedance of Microstrip. But impedance change as a result of vias reaches more than 12Ω and it indicates that measured value features extreme variation with theory-calculated value. The single-ended impedance requires 60 Ohm, and the differential impedance requires 100 Ohm. 6 Coaxial Line The analytic calculation of the characteristic impedance of a transmission line from geometry is not always possible except for a few regular geometries (matching orthogonal coordinate. Often when working with wires it is easy to create large return path loops if one is not paying close attention. IPC 2141 Trace Impedance Calculator. Dear all, I have simulated a differential pair lines (GSSG). Broadside Coupled Stripline Transmission Line Models. Because the lines are symmetrical, the. The track widths should. Notes: 1) Calculation assumes traces are centered vertically. Differential Impedance Calculator - Stripline. With the expressions for VO± from before and some algebra, an equation to calculate the output impedance of the circuit1 Answer. Neighboring metallic structures will be considered in the calculation. With hundreds of coaxial RF cables in-stock and ready to ship worldwide immediately, our coax capacitance calculator lets you calculate the impedance of a coax by allowing you to enter the outer diameter dielectric width and inner conductor diameter. Try TNT or TxLine. The calculator is set up to handle an asymmetric arrangement, where traces are not centrally located in the PCB layer stack. Ask the board manufacturer for the values. 03556mm. Single-ended impedance of each data line (with respect to GND) should be 45 Ω +/- 15. If you select non-inverting op-amp, the calculator will show 11. The definition of the controlled impedance for this configuration does not require a ground. The calculator shows 90 ohms can be achieved using. Distance between tracks (s) = 254 micron. , 10. For this calculation, the units of d,h, t and w can be ignored as long as they have the same units (mils, mm, inches). Simply put, differential impedance is the instantaneous impedance of a pair of transmission lines when two complimentary signals are transmitted with opposite polarity. Impedance Calculation for PCB Designers - Altium. The impedance Zo of a two-conductor transmission line, as well as the odd-mode, even-mode, differential. safety ground. This calculator is designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of a microstrip - a flat conductor suspended over a ground plane with a dielectric between them (see diagram below). From the E-field pattern, it is clear that mode 1 is even mode, mode 2 is odd mode. e. has two length-matched 45 Ohm lines. 6. Zd (Differential Impedance, Ohms) = Zo (Single Ended Impedance, Ohms) = Calculate w from ZdThe Microstrip Differential Impedance Calculator simplifies the process of determining the differential impedance of a microstrip transmission line. Embedded Microstrip. Reference: R. . In addition to the characteristic impedance of a transmission line, the tool also calculates. Consider each of these as you try to avoid anything that changes the impedance of your differential pair. 2-side PCB, one side with signals, the other with GND. trace geometry, and use this to calculate. This is an important parameter in the analysis and design of circuits and systems using transmission lines. Calculating the Differential impedance is a two-step process, first Calculate the single ended impedance Zo and then use this value to calculate the differential impedance. Most often, the only specified requirement of a differential pair is its differential impedance. Online calculators will generally use Wadell's equations to determine the transmission line impedance numerically. Trace spacing (S) mils: Distance between planes (B) mils: Relative Dielectric constant (Er) Differential Trace Impedance: ohms: References. Microstrip Characteristic Impedance Calculator Using a Formula by Brian C WadellEnter values for W and L for a microstrip line to determine its Zo and Electrical Length. g. The input impedance of a line is a function not only of its characteristic impedance, but also of its loading impedance and electrical length (or physical length and frequency). 25Distance units: Substrate Height, H Trace Width, W Thickness, TThe differential impedance depends upon the D/H ratio. Trace Height (H) Figure 4. You will need to know the thickness of the dielectric you will be using as well as the relative permittivity (dielectric constant). These are defined as the ratio of the sine wave voltage leaving a port to the sine wave voltage entering the port. They will give very similar answers. To calculate the differential impedance of a microstrip, divide the characteristic impedance of the microstrip by 2. Coplanar Waveguide With Ground Characteristic Impedance Calculator. They will give very similar answers. The trace width (0. The Differential microstrip impedance calculator is used to compute the differential (Zd) and single-ended impedance (Zo) of an edge-coupled microstrip line just by entering the width, separation and thickness of the trace along with the dielectric thickness and constant of the coupled line. Select the units for all dimensions: mm mils. In the above equation, we’ve ignored losses (R and G in the transmission line impedance equation), but that’s okay, the point here is to pay attention to spacing. Enter the new tool by Sierra Circuits. Example, If w = 10 mil, d = 63. Dimensional units:. New Online Microwave Impedance Calculator. Notice the increased amplitude at the receiving end. Take note that this assumes that the distance between the conductor and the planes is not the same for both reference planes; hence the asymmetric term. This calculator is designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of an edge coupled stripline. PCB Structures / Discrete Structures / Signal Management. Length of both tracks should be the same. B = separation between reference planes. Speedstack is the stackup design tool of choice for professional PCB Designers fabricators and brokers who have a requirement to document and design stackups drill plans and material requirements complete with high. C is. A microstrip width calculator can calculate the width of a microstrip. The impedance Z 0 of a transmission line consisting of a circular signal conductor having a diameter d and centered between parallel ground planes separated by a distance h is given by: Eq. In a matched system, when the load impedance ZL matches theAltium Designer includes a PCB trace impedance calculator, PCB trace width calculator under IPC 2152, and a plethora of other important design tools. Determining trace impedance and propagation delay in PCB traces takes a trace length calculator and impedance profiler tool, and these features work best when they are integrated into your PCB design software. The characteristic impedance and load impedance are used to calculate the input impedance of the terminated line at a particular frequency. Solution of Wave Equations (cont. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or. High-end calculators can rely on top-of-the-line systems to cover any computing speed deficiencies, but general impedance calculators must make a clear design tradeoff. Want to know about What are Differential Signals and What is Differential Impedance? and their PSpice Models and Simulation, Today I'm sharing the best ways. With t = 35 um (typical for copper with plating on a pcb), Z odd drops to 44 ohms, according to LineCalc. Note that the "h", for dielectric thickness in this formula is omitted in some other Polar publications. 7: Characteristic Impedance. The range of accepted values is 20 to 90 Ω for single-ended and 50 to 150 Ω for differential signals. With Altium Designer, you can easily determine trace impedance, propagation delay, rise times, and PCB trace length. 6. Note: valid for (w/h) from 0. The concept of driving the conductors as a differential pair implies the presence of a zero voltage ground. Enter values for W and L for a microstrip line to determine its Zo and Electrical Length. Microstrip line is a widely used transmission line and for the appropriate transmission its characteristic impedance has to be calculated while using it in RF design & circuits. Vias (plated holes) are used to route electrical signals among different layers of a multilayer. The characteristic impedance (Z o) of coplanar waveguide with ground or microstrip lines with signal side ground plane can be calculated using the active calculator or the equations at the bottom of the page. where L is the inductance per meter and C is the capacitance per meter. Radio Frequency Engineering Calculator. Each line corresponds to one sequential number. Figure 3. See below for the definition of these impedances. Just as was the case with microstrip impedance calculators, stripline impedance calculators tend to rely on either the IPC-2141 formulas or on Wadell’s equations. Inputs Trace Thickness Substrate Height Trace Width Trace Spacing Dielectric Constant Outputs. The IPC-2141 trace Impedance calculator will help make initial design easier by allowing the user to input basic parameters and get a. Coplanar Waveguide Calculator. Modeling approximation can be used to understand the impedance of the edge couple differential stripline transmission line. in detail and the two standards are compared. e. The default units for all given values, except the subtrate. 6 ohms and Z even = 110 ohms for your geometry, very close to your result. Coaxial Cable Impedance Calculator. By inputting the known values. This definition effectively makes it equal to twice the odd mode impedance. L is the inductance in henries (H),. But, you usually want some decent coupling between the traces, so a good single-ended impedance target for each trace is between. It consists of a pair of center conductors separated by ground planes on the same substrate. The questions are mostly on the inner layer differential impedance item [4] below. 8mils) and the dielectric thickness is 63 mils (using FR-4 and dielectric constant. Now as the driven signal propagates down the transmission line an impedance mismatch is still encountered at the far end of the cable (receiver inputs). Read more about designing to a differential impedance specification; Read more about the six important transmission. Re: Calculating Differential Impedance for USB Differential Pair. 1 (a). 2 and: Eq. Z diff equals Ra||(2Rb) (p model) or 2R 1 (T model). Commonly fabricated with printed circuit board (PCB) technology, a microstrip antenna calculator tool is an electrical transmission line that is. Details: In the list below, [1] is the reference design stackup information; [2] and [3] are the processes to get the result close enough to the reference design target so as to know the tool is valid; and [4] is the calculation in question because it is either 5. infinite mutual.